In primal scream therapy, popular in the s, patients relive painful childhood experiences and express their frustration and anger through uncontrolled screaming and even violence. Primers were once a standard part of every child's education. We no longer use the word in early education, but it's widely used in everyday speech. Notice how primer is pronounced; don't mix it up with the kind of paint that's pronounced with a long i sound. Leakey sent three young women to work with individual primates: Jane Goodall with the chimpanzees, Dian Fossey with the gorillas, and Birute Galdakis with the orangutans.
It was the great biologist Carolus Linnaeus who gave the primates their name, to indicate that animals of this order were the most advanced of all. Linnaeus listed human beings with the apes a hundred years before Charles Darwin would publish his famous work on evolution. When people told him that our close relationship to the apes and monkeys was impossible because it disagreed with the Bible, he responded that, from the biological evidence, he simply couldn't come to a different conclusion.
Among the mammals, the primates are distinguished by their large brains, weak sense of smell, lack of claws, long pregnancies, and long childhoods, among other things. Along with the apes and monkey, the Primate order includes such interesting animals as the lemurs, tarsiers, galagos, and lorises. Primordial can be traced back to the Latin word primordium, or origin, and applies to something that is only the starting point in a course of development or progression. A primordial landscape is one that bears no sign of human use, and a primordial cell is the first formed and least specialized in a line of cells.
The substance out of which the earth was formed and from which all life evolved is commonly called the primordial ooze or the primordial soupeven by scientists. Indicat e whet her t he following pairs have t he same or different meanings: 1. A homograph is a word spelled like another word but different in meaning or pronunciation, and a homosexual is a person who favors others of the same sex.
This root has nothing to do with the Latin homo, meaning person, as in Homo sapiens, the French homme, and the Spanish hombre. Homonym can be troublesome because it may refer to three distinct classes of words. Homonyms may be words with identical pronunciations but different spellings and meanings, such as to, too, and two. Or they may be words with both identical pronunciations and identical spellings but different meanings, such as quail the bird and quail to cringe.
Finally, they may be words that are spelled alike but are different in pronunciation and meaning, such as the bow of a ship and bow that shoots arrows. The first and second types are sometimes called homophones, and the second and third types are sometimes called homographswhich makes naming the second type a bit confusing.
Some language scholars prefer to limit homonym to the third type. Though she was raised in a small town, she found the city more interesting because its population was less homogeneous. A slab of rock is homogeneous if it consists of the same material throughout, like granite or marble.
A neighborhood might be called homogeneous if all the people in it are similar, having pretty much the same background, education, and outlook. Homogeneity is fine in a rock, though some people find it a little boring in a neighborhood while others find it comforting.
Note that many people spell this word homogenous, and pronounce it that way too. Arms and wings are homologous structures that reveal the ancient relationship between birds and four-legged animals.
In his famous discussion of the panda's thumb, Stephen Jay Gould carefully explains how this thumb is not homologous to the human thumb. Although the two digits are used in much the same way the panda's thumb is essential for stripping bamboo of its tasty leaves, the staple of the panda's diet , the panda's thumb developed from a bone in its wrist and is an addition to the five fingers of its paw.
The tiny stirrup and anvil bones of our inner ear, however, do seem to be homologous with the bones that allow a garter snake to swallow a frog whole. By now the suburb had gotten so homogenized that he couldn't tell the families on his street apart. Homogenized milk has been around so longabout a hundred yearsthat many Americans have never seen milk with the cream on top, and probably think cream separation only happens in expensive yogurt.
But homogenize was being used before anyone succeeded in getting milk and cream to mix. People who use the word often dislike the idea that everything is becoming the same, whether it's radio shows that are no longer produced locally or schools that rely too much on standardized testing. DIS comes from Latin, where it means apart. In English, its meanings have increased to include opposite or not as in distaste, disagreeable , deprive of disinfect , or exclude or expel from disbar.
The original meaning can still be seen in a word like dissipate, which means to break up and scatter. The thought of the danger he might be facing on the journey makes her uneasy, and she's trying to dissuade him from going. Dissuade is the opposite of persuade, though it's a less common word. The dissuading may be done by a person or by something else: A bad weather forecast may dissuade a fisherman from going out to sea that day, but a warning on a cigarette pack almost never dissuades a real smoker from having his or her next cigarette.
The Orient is the East just as the Occident is the West. The verb orient comes from the traditional practice of building Christian churches so that the altar is at the building's easterly endin other words, orienting the church. One reason for this practice is that the Book of Matthew says, As the lightning comes from the East.
Orienteering is participating in a cross-country race in which each person uses a map and compass to navigate the course.
Orient comes from the word meaning to rise like the sun , and still today it's easy for a hiker to become disoriented when an overcast sky hides the sun. Since one meaning of credit is trust, discredit means basically destroy one's trust. A scientific study may be discredited if it turns out it was secretly written up by someone paid by a drug company.
An autobiography may be discredited if someone discovers that the best parts came out of a novel. A lawyer may try to discredit testimony in a trial by revealing that the witness just got out of the slammer. Many political campaigns rely on discrediting one's opponents; desperate politicians have learned that, if they can claim that someone attacking them has been completely discredited, it might work even if it isn't true. Senators are attempting to dislodge the bill from the committee, where the chairman has failed to act on it for five months.
A lodge is usually a kind of roominghouse or hotel, and the verb lodge often means staying or sleeping in such a place. Thus, dislodge means removing a person or thing from where it's been staying. So, for instance, you might use a toothpick to dislodge a seed from between your teeth, police might use tear gas to dislodge a sniper from his hiding place, and a slate tile dislodged from a roof could be dangerous to someone hanging out on the street below.
The faculty formed an ad hoc committee to deal with the question of First Amendment rights on campus. Ad hoc literally means for this in Latin, and in English this almost always means for this specific purpose.
Issues that come up in the course of a project often require immediate, ad hoc solutions. An ad hoc investigating committee is authorized to look into a matter of limited scope.
An ad hoc ruling by an athletic council is intended to settle a particular case, and is not meant to serve as a model for later rulings. If an organization deals with too many things on an ad hoc basis, it may mean someone hasn't been doing enough planning. Presidential campaigns have often relied on ad hominem attacks rather than serious discussion of important issues. Ad hominem in Latin means to the manthat is, against the other person.
The term comes from the field of rhetoric the art of speaking and writing. If you have a weak argument, one easy way to defend yourself has always been to attack your opponent verbally in a personal way. Since such attacks require neither truth nor logic to be effective, their popularity has never waned. The White House chief of staff is a political alter ego, who knows, or should know, who and what the President considers most important.
In Latin, alter ego literally means second I. An alter ego can be thought of as a person's clone or second self. A professional alter ego might be a trusted aide who knows exactly what the boss wants done.
A personal alter ego might be a close friend who is almost like a twin. Alter ego can also refer to the second, hidden side of one's own self. Hyde, Dr. Jekyll is a good-hearted, honorable man; but after taking a potion, his alter ego, the loathsome and diabolical Mr. Hyde, takes over his personality. Although there was never a general declaration of war, the two countries were at war in a de facto sense for almost a decade. Literally meaning from the fact, de facto in English can be applied to anything that has the substance of something without its formal name.
A de facto government is one that operates with all of the power of a regular government but without official recognition. De facto segregation isn't the result of laws, but can be just as real and deep-rooted as legally enforced segregation. The de facto leader of a group is just the one who all the rest seem to follow. Compare de jure. In Latin, quid pro quo means literally something for something. Originally, the phrase was used to mean the substitution of an inferior medicine for a good one.
Today it often doesn't suggest anything negative; for most people, it just means a favor for a favor. But in politics the phrase is often used when, for example, a wealthy corporation gives a lot of money to a candidate and expects to get a big favor in return. In such cases, some of us may prefer to describe the money as a bribe and the quid pro quo as a payoff. When Carl tells us his reasons for why he behaved badly, they're nothing but ex post facto excuses for impulsive behavior.
Ex post facto is Latin for from a thing done afterward. Approval for a project that's given ex post factoafter the project already has been begun or completedmay just have been given in order to save face. An ex post facto law is one that declares someone's action to be criminal only after it was committeda procedure forbidden by our Constitution. Modus operandi is Latin for method of operating. The term is often associated with police work, and it's a favorite of mystery writers.
In speech and dialogue, it's often abbreviated to m. But it's not only used in criminal contexts. So a frequent gambler who likes to play the horses may have a particular modus operandi for picking winners.
And the familiar modus operandi of a cutthroat retailer may be to undersell competitors, drive them out of business, and then raise prices afterwards. During the budget crisis, the Democratic governor and the Republican legislature established a good working modus vivendi. Modus vivendi literally means manner of living in Latin, and it sometimes has that meaning in English as well.
Usually, though, a modus vivendi is a working arrangement that disputing parties can live with, at least until a more permanent solution can be found. Typically, a modus vivendi is an arrangement that ignores differences and difficulties.
So, for example, two people going through a bitter divorce may be able to arrive at a modus vivendi that allows them to at least maintain an appearance of civility and dignity.
Review Quizzes 3 A. Frugivorous for fruit-eating , granivorous for grain-eating , and graminivorous for grass-eating aren't too rare, but you won't run across phytosuccivorous plant-sap-eating every day.
He'd gotten tired of his vegetarian guinea pigs and decided he preferred carnivorous pets such as ferrets. The order of mammals that Linnaeus named the Carnivora includes such families as the dogs, the bears, the raccoons, the weasels, the hyenas, the cats, and the seals.
Most carnivores eat only meat in the wild, but some have varied diets; some bears, for instance, normally eat far more vegetation than meat. Carnivores have powerful jaws and complex teeth, and most are highly intelligent. Humans, like their ape cousins, are basically omnivores see omnivore.
In spite of their frightening appearance, marine iguanas are peaceable herbivorous animals that feed mostly on seaweed. Many herbivorous animals, such as rabbits, deer, sheep, and cows, are noted for their gentle and passive ways. But such behavior is not universal among herbivores. Rhinoceroses and elephants, for instance, are capable of inflicting serious damage if threatened, and among dinosaurs, the herbivorous Diplodocus had a thick tail that could be used as a lethal weapon against attacking carnivores.
Herbivorous humans are usually called vegetarians. Their rather odd year-old son kept insectivorous plants in his bedroom and fed them live flies. A wide variety of animals could be called insectivoresmost of the birds, for example, as well as the spiders.
Of the amphibians, frogs and many lizards are largely insectivorous. Even some fish get much of their food from insects. The order of mammals called Insectivora contains the shrews, moles, and hedgehogs, though bats and anteaters are also insectivores. Many insects are themselves insectivores; the dragonfly, for instance, is a swift insectivorous terror that lives up to its name.
But it's the insectivorous plants that tend to fascinate us; of the over species, the best known are the Venus flytrap which snaps shut on its prey , the pitcher plants which drown insects in a tiny pool of water , and the sundews which capture insects with their sticky surfaces. One of the hardest parts of dieting is watching skinny people with voracious appetites consume large amounts of food without gaining weight.
Voracious can be applied to people, animals, and even things, and doesn't always refer to consuming food. Thus, teenagers are voracious eaters; you may become a voracious reader on vacation; and Americans have long been voracious consumers. The most voracious bats may eat three-quarters of their weight in insects in a single night. Some countries have a voracious appetite for oil. Voracious corporations keep swallowing other companies through mergers.
CARN comes from a Latin word meaning flesh or meat. Carnation originally meant the color of flesh, which was once the only color of the flower we call the carnation. In Christian countries, Lent is the period when the faithful traditionally give up something they love, often meat. The days leading up to Lent are known as the carnival season, from the Italian carnelevare, later shortened to carnevale, which meant removal of meatthough during carnival, of course, people indulge in just about everything, and the removal of meat only comes later.
Countries around the world appealed to all sides of the conflict to stop the carnage of the war in Bosnia. This word was taken over straight from French a Latin-based language , and has mostly referred to large-scale killing in wartime. But carnage needn't refer only to slaughter on the battlefield. With tens of thousands of people dying each year in automobile accidents, it's appropriate to speak of carnage on the nation's highways.
And those concerned about the effects of the violence we see constantly on TV and movie screens may refer to that as carnage as well. The news stories about students on Spring Break tend to focus on the carnal pleasures associated with the annual ritual. In Christianity in past centuries, carnal was often used as the opposite of spiritual, describing what are sometimes called the pleasures of the flesh.
Thus, gluttonythe consumption of excessive food and drinkwas a deadly carnal sin, whereas the holiest monks and hermits might eat hardly anything and never touch wine. Today carnal has a somewhat old-fashioned sound; when we use it, we generally mean simply sexual. Incarnate often has a religious ring to it, since for centuries it has been used in the Christian church, which regards Jesus as the incarnation of Godthat is, as God made human.
Surprisingly, neither word appears in Bible translations; instead, the Latin word incarnatus appears in the Christian creeds basic statements of belief and the Catholic Mass.
Regardless, incarnate soon began to be used with various nouns: the devil incarnate, evil incarnate, etc. Notice that incarnate is one of the rare adjectives that usually, but not always, follows its noun. Incarnate is also a verb, though with a slightly different pronunciation: This report simply incarnates the prejudices of its authors, For her followers, she incarnates the virtue of selflessness, etc.
Even as a child he struck everyone as a reincarnation of his grandfather, not in his features but in his manner and personality. It's easy to make fun of people who claim to be the reincarnation of Cleopatra or Napoleon, but they don't come from a culture that takes reincarnation seriously.
In Hindu belief, a person must pass through a series of reincarnationssome of which may be as insects or fish before fully realizing that the bodily pleasures are shallow and that only spiritual life is truly valuable; only then do the reincarnations cease.
For Hindus, an old soul is a person who seems unusually wise from early in life, and whose wisdom must have come from passing through many reincarnations. CRED comes from credere, the Latin verb meaning to believe or to entrust. We have a good credit rating when institutions trust in our ability to repay a loan, and we carry credentials so that others will believe that we are who we say we are.
Credence is close in meaning to belief, but there are differences. Unlike belief, credence is seldom used in connection with faith in a religion or philosophy. Instead credence is often used in reference to reports, rumors, and opinions. And, unlike belief, it tends to be used with the words give, lack, lend,and gain. So a new piece of evidence may lend credence to the alibi of a criminal suspect. Claims that a political candidate can become the next President gain credence only after the candidate wins a few primaries.
And although stories about Elvis sightings persist, they lack credence for most people. Because of her past criminal record, the defense lawyers knew she wouldn't be a credible witness. Credible evidence is evidence that's likely to be believed. A credible plan is one that might actually work, and a credible excuse is one your parents might actually believe.
And just as credible means believable, the noun credibility means believability. But we no longer use incredible to mean the literal opposite of credible, just as we no longer use unbelievable as the literal opposite of believable. Since cred is short for credibility, street cred is the kind of credibility among tough young people that you can only get by proving yourself on the mean streets of the inner city.
A particularly far-fetched story may be said to strain credulity, stretch credulity, put demands on our credulity, or make claims on our credulity. Credulity is a quality of innocent children of all ages and isn't always a bad thing; it must have been pure credulity that enabled Chicago White Sox and Philadelphia Phillies fans to wait so long for a World Series victory This is the year they're going to take it!
The related adjective is credulous. Scott Fitzgerald once defined advertising as making dubious promises to a credulous public. She claims she made her money on Wall Street just by following the old credo Buy low, sell high. In fact, the book will certainly not matter if that Merriam-Webster's Vocabulary Builder is a best seller or otherwise.
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